By JOHN C.
HULSMAN
In 2006, I wrote a book that changed my life. In “Ethical Realism,” Anatol Lieven and I — both card-carrying members of the Washington foreign policy establishment — bit the hand that fed us. Controversially castigating an out-of-touch elite, where both the left (liberal interventionists) and the right (neo-conservatives) were addicted to the same ruinous nation-building doctrine, we foresaw calamity in both Afghanistan and Iraq.
We began the book with Rudyard Kipling’s great poem “Recessional,” gloomily focused on the unalterable fact that human history sweeps away the mightiest of empires, if they fail to face the world with humility and an understanding of limits. As the poet laureate put it: “Far-called our navies melt away/On dune and headland sinks the fire/Lo, all our pomp of yesterday/Is one with Nineveh and Tyre/Judge of Nations, spare us yet/Lest we forget-lest we forget!”
Of course, the American empire did forget, and all that we predicted has come to pass. Yet, amid the heartrending chaos of the past few days, I cannot feel any vindication in being analytically right — only sick to my stomach at the chaos and suffering I see coming out of Kabul. After an estimated $2.5 trillion, 2,500 American deaths (and many more Afghans), and two decades of nation-building folly, the disaster we saw so clearly 15 years ago has come to pass. What can be learned by this strategic calamity? Indeed, given the profound suffering involved, what must be learned?
First, Afghanistan is not a discrete historical event. It must be viewed through the wider lens of looking at US nation-building failures in Somalia, Haiti, Iraq, Libya and Kabul. In Somalia, the US cut and ran after taking only the most minor of casualties, given the lack of strategic importance of the country for Washington. Of course, this begs the question of why there was an intervention in the first place. The US did absolutely nothing to prevent Mogadishu’s slide into chaos, civil war and becoming a breeding ground for terror.
After intervening in Haiti a dozen times over the past century, it remains a voodoo-riven, kleptocratic basket case, with US efforts not helping it one jot. As Barack Obama has honestly put it, the Libyan intervention was the worst mistake he ever made, making a failed state of Tripoli, one replete with civil war, Daesh regrouping in the south of the country, and a brewing refugee crisis on Europe’s doorstep. And does anyone need to say any more about Iraq? No, Afghanistan is only the cherry on the sundae of a calamitous US belief that nation-building — socially re-engineering foreign cultures — would prove easy and doable. Given the horrendous historical record, the philosophical arrogance is breathtaking.
Second, even if nation-building could be managed, one cannot remake societies of which one knows almost nothing. One of the great thrills of my life was being asked to write the forward to T. E. Lawrence’s magisterial “27 Articles,” with the highlight of the book being the notion that the best way for Western powers to work with other peoples is “the unremitting study of them.” To put it mildly, local knowledge of both Afghanistan and Iraq was not remotely valued in US efforts to remake both societies. This wilful cultural ignorance is perhaps the major reason for US failure.
There is no “nation” in Afghanistan to build; rather, Afghanistan is largely a geographical expression, an area where Pashtun, Tajik, Uzbek and Hazara tribal loyalties count for far more. This has been the case back through the time of Kipling and the British empire to that of Alexander the Great. A more confederal governmental approach, as Lawrence of Arabia would have appreciated, would have fit these specific facts on the ground. But, instead, the US went along its arrogant, ignorant way, installing a centralized system that did not fit these specific Afghan political realities. Is it any wonder such an artificial construct fell apart so quickly once US military power was removed? Certainly, some knowledge of the country’s specific history and culture was called for. Afghanistan must be viewed through the wider lens of looking at US nation-building failures in Somalia, Haiti, Iraq and Libya.
Finally, there has been at work a wrong-headed failure to accept reality, what I refer to in my latest book, “To Dare More Boldly,” as the losing gambler’s syndrome. Dad goes to Las Vegas and loses the kid’s college fund playing roulette. –AN
